Semaglutide

1. Semaglutide activates mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α) in human cells.

   “suggesting activation of processes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis.”

   Cellsmacrophage100 nM

   Semaglutide Attenuates Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Changes Associated with Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through cAMP-Dependent Signaling · Biomedicines · 3 Sep 2026

Mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α) →

1. Semaglutide increases PPARGC1A in human cells.

   “Semaglutide also increased SIRT1 and PGC-1α expression, the COX-1/SDH-A ratio, and the mtDNA/nDNA ratio”

   Cellsmacrophage100 nM

   Semaglutide Attenuates Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Changes Associated with Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through cAMP-Dependent Signaling · Biomedicines · 3 Sep 2026

PPARGC1A →

1. Semaglutide increases IL10 in human cells.

   “increased expression of M2-associated genes CD206 and CD163 and secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.”

   Cellsduring inflammatory polarizationmacrophage100 nM

   Semaglutide Attenuates Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Changes Associated with Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through cAMP-Dependent Signaling · Biomedicines · 3 Sep 2026

IL10 →

1. Semaglutide decreases IL6 in human cells.

   “Semaglutide supplementation during inflammatory polarization resulted in reduced levels of pro-inflammatory markers (CD80/CD86, TNF-α, IL-6)”

   Cellsduring inflammatory polarizationmacrophage100 nM

   Semaglutide Attenuates Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Changes Associated with Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through cAMP-Dependent Signaling · Biomedicines · 3 Sep 2026

IL6 →

1. Semaglutide increases cAMP in human cells.

   “Semaglutide induced cAMP accumulation in M0- and M1-like macrophages derived from both cell lines.”

   Cellsin M0- and M1-like macrophagesmacrophage100 nM

   Semaglutide Attenuates Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Changes Associated with Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through cAMP-Dependent Signaling · Biomedicines · 3 Sep 2026

cAMP →